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Constraints

NOT NULL CONSTRAINT -    Ensures that a column cannot have a null value. DEFAULT CONSTRAINT -    Provides a default value for a column when none is specified  UNIQUE CONSTRAINT -   Ensures that all values in columns are different  CHECK CONSTRAINT -   Makes sure that all values in a column satisfy certain criteria  PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT -   Used to uniquely identify a row in the table  FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT -   Used to ensure referential integrity of the data  Primary Key - is used uniquely to identify each row in a table . It can consist of one or more columns on a table . When Multiple columns are used on a table it is called composite key.  Foreign Key - Foreign key is a column or columns that references a column most often primary key of another table . The purpose of foreign key is to maintain referential integrity of the data. Pg admin  Data base - training - right click on training - query click  Always add semi colen to run the query  Int - integer  varchar - variable charact
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Types of Non - Trade Barrier - 2

Types of Non - Trade Barriers -
  • Embargo - Embargo is government order with restricting specific country ban on export or import .
      Case Study 1 - USA banned , completed trade with Cuba . They blocked Russian oil to restrict trade by the end of 2022 to punish Moscow to Invade Ukraine . 

      Case Study 2 - India banned Chinese Products .

         It is done because there is severe problem in countries relationship.

  • Packaging  Requirement- Whenever trade is there , Countries expect some sort of specified packaging otherwise , the product is rejected , then and there only .
          Case Study - USA insists on recycle packaging .
  • Product Labelling - There is certain requirements specific labelling by the country.
         Case Study - Europe expects the products should be in major languages of Europe can              create a lot of problem.
  • Foreign Exchange Regulation - When importer import ,India want INR to be there . Adequate Foreign exchange should be available for import otherwise you will not be allowed to import .
  • Preferential arrangement - Trade pack signify pack with these country . The tariff should decrease. Import preference will be given to those members of pack.
         Case Study - UAE pack will be free or very less and for other country it is high .
  • Voluntary Export Restrict - Under this, limit is set by government has how much import can be done .Limit on amount of certain product that are allowed by country to export .
        Case Study 1- USA requested Japan to limit export shipment of car to USA . This was done            to protect and revitalise the car industry of USA .

          Case Study 2 - USA restriction by Korean to export mobile phone in Korea .

        Case Study 3 - USA requested many south east Asian countries where maximum textile is           imported to USA to restrict the textile import.

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