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NOT NULL CONSTRAINT -    Ensures that a column cannot have a null value. DEFAULT CONSTRAINT -    Provides a default value for a column when none is specified  UNIQUE CONSTRAINT -   Ensures that all values in columns are different  CHECK CONSTRAINT -   Makes sure that all values in a column satisfy certain criteria  PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT -   Used to uniquely identify a row in the table  FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT -   Used to ensure referential integrity of the data  Primary Key - is used uniquely to identify each row in a table . It can consist of one or more columns on a table . When Multiple columns are used on a table it is called composite key.  Foreign Key - Foreign key is a column or columns that references a column most often primary key of another table . The purpose of foreign key is to maintain referential integrity of the data. Pg admin  Data base - training - right click on training - query click  Always add semi colen to run the query  Int - integer  varchar - variable charact
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Types of Non - Tariff Barriers-1

Types are -
  •  Product Standard - Here company specified standards before coming to port , where importer do their lab experiments to check if it meets the standards .If product is not matching the standard , they are rejected then and there only . 
        Case Study - Turkey Rejected Indian consignment , saying it has Rubella virus . 
        -USA rejected 140 Consignments of Shrimp because of some bacteria .
  • Domestic Subsidy - Here , some country provide domestic subsidiary in order to increase export . Countries provide subsidy to producers , which help the decrease their production cost, which help them encourage to produce more and more of products.  It will help domestic company to capture the Global competitive market and that provide equal competition .
         Case Study 1 - USA filed case against India , Indian farmer provided subsidy , later India has promised not to do in near future . India loses WTO dispute over Sugar Subsidy. 
WTO gave certain year to remove subsidy to restrict the entrance from this way. The time period can be 7 or 5 Year.

          Case Study 2 -   European Country has largest wheat production because they provide a lot of  subsidy to its farmers so that they can enter into different countries. India Filed case against them , which was proved true because it affected Indian farmers which resulted in high number of Suicides .

      - If we see data of agriculture subsidy , USA gave 25.6% , Europe 104%, Japan 52.9% and              Mexico 62.2% Subsidy to its domestic producer.
     - It affects trade because both Import and Export will be affected .
  • Import License - Some countries makes it mandatory for exporters to have license on certain goods and services .This license provided by governor and Quota limit . Quota limit  is restricting number of products in the country to protect domestic companies from falling.
           Example of Quota Limit -India is facing Inflation in food items . Certain commodity is facing the problem and lots of speculation happens at that time. It can affect trade.Traders do black marketing when there is shortage , therefore government put certain quantity limit to manage black marketing .

                Case Study - On 27th April , Taiwan made allegation on India where India is not allowing free trade of tie ups .Also India has banned import of certain type of tie ups . Since 2 years they put licensing , sharp decrease imports. India is permitting limited number of licenses with certain limit.It is affecting Taiwan’s export.
  • Domestic Contain Requirement - Certain % of domestic Raw material must be used for making a product. It is a type of trade barrier , even in many government departments , encourage domestic product instead of importing. Whatever we are able to produce should be our country.
          Case Study 1 - When USA suffered Recession , General motor provided bail out package , where USA firms must purchase Domestic content .

           Case Study 2 - In India , Jawaharlal Nehru Solar Mission , huge project is going where solar panel is manufactured . In WTO , USA filed case against India , that India may oppose import of certain part required in solar panel from USA. Early they import from USA . USA retaliated that it is restricted policy.

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