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Constraints

NOT NULL CONSTRAINT -    Ensures that a column cannot have a null value. DEFAULT CONSTRAINT -    Provides a default value for a column when none is specified  UNIQUE CONSTRAINT -   Ensures that all values in columns are different  CHECK CONSTRAINT -   Makes sure that all values in a column satisfy certain criteria  PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT -   Used to uniquely identify a row in the table  FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT -   Used to ensure referential integrity of the data  Primary Key - is used uniquely to identify each row in a table . It can consist of one or more columns on a table . When Multiple columns are used on a table it is called composite key.  Foreign Key - Foreign key is a column or columns that references a column most often primary key of another table . The purpose of foreign key is to maintain referential integrity of the data. Pg admin  Data base - training - right click on training - query click  Always add semi colen to run the query  Int - integer  varchar - variable charact
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Measures of Productivity

In order to get the benefit to productivity we need to have measurements of productivity by regularly monitoring it . There are various ways for that.

In order to produce anything like notebook there are multiple inputs have been used like paper , and labour , finance is used in producing that output . 

Are we using them well ?

Input (metres in fabric)                   output                     Production                      Productivity (output/input)

100                                                    30                         30 Denim Jeans               0.3  

110                                                     30                         30 Denim Jeans               0.25

150                                                      40                        40 Denim Jeans                0.267

150                                                      45                         45 Denim Jeans                0.3


Checking the output with input only with single factor .Like Raw material called denim fabric so this is called as single factor productivity. When you compare the output with one single input.

Single factor Productivity -  The denominator that is factor will change . In a factory let us say , The denim factory , Manufacturing Jeans and realising the productivity is going down , we can understand each factor separately , like labour hours . I can analyse the proportion . Each factor can be compared with previous factor to analyse . 

Advantages - 

1. Ease in opting relevant data 

2. Act as good diagnostic 

3. Ease in comparing with other business

Disadvantage - 

1. Management may identify wrong areas.

2. Does not reflect overall performance .

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