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Constraints

NOT NULL CONSTRAINT -    Ensures that a column cannot have a null value. DEFAULT CONSTRAINT -    Provides a default value for a column when none is specified  UNIQUE CONSTRAINT -   Ensures that all values in columns are different  CHECK CONSTRAINT -   Makes sure that all values in a column satisfy certain criteria  PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT -   Used to uniquely identify a row in the table  FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT -   Used to ensure referential integrity of the data  Primary Key - is used uniquely to identify each row in a table . It can consist of one or more columns on a table . When Multiple columns are used on a table it is called composite key.  Foreign Key - Foreign key is a column or columns that references a column most often primary key of another table . The purpose of foreign key is to maintain referential integrity of the data. Pg admin  Data base - training - right click on training - query click  Always add semi colen to run the query  Int - integer  varchar - variable charact
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Porter's 5 Forces Model

If there is a force on a object that particular area will be affected anything that comes between the force will be affected so porter is trying to say that it is the industry which will be affected , if any new company or existing will be affected .

There are 5 forces - 
Rivalry among existing competitors - 
example - Fruit market , where you have variety of fruits , there are different  stalls are small shops selling same fruits , whichever the season available , the shopkeeper will be eyeing on each other . The diversity of competitors , the MNC or Local company , areas of expertise , how much concentration is there , if you think about population , there is more concentrated , similarly of competitors . 
They trying to outdo there competitors , quality differences will be the one using exotic fruits and proper branding , or better delivery experience , industry in brand royalty , if consumer is preferring X over Y , barriers to exit , every industry has ease to exit , then competition will be high , if exiting is difficult then competition will be low.
Switching costs , it is for the consumer , when a consumer is switching from one brand to another , there will be switching cost involved , when moving from apple to android will be higher , so if i want to move from vodafone to jio there is no switching cost involved , Now in fruit market , i am regular consumer of X but preferring now to Y so there is ease of switching between competitors , then rivalry will be  higher.

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